中华人民共和国对外合作开采海洋石油资源条例(附英文)
国务院
中华人民共和国对外合作开采海洋石油资源条例(附英文)
（一九八二年一月十二日国务院常务会议通过）
第一章 总 则
第一条 为促进国民经济的发展，扩大国际经济技术合作，在维护国家主权和经济利益的前提下允许外国企业参与合作开采中华人民共和国海洋石油资源，特制定本条例。
第二条 中华人民共和国的内海、领海、大陆架以及其他属于 中华人民共和国海洋资源管辖海域的石油资源，都属于中华人民共和国国家所有。
在前款海域内，为开采石油而设置的建筑物、构筑物、作业船舶，以及相应的陆岸油（气）集输终端和基地，都受中华人民共和国管辖。
第三条 中国政府依法保护参与合作开采海洋石油资源的外国企业的投资、应得利润和其他合法权益，依法保护外国企业的合作开采活动。
在本条例范围内，合作开采海洋石油资源的一切活动，都应当遵守中华人民共和国的法律、法令和国家的有关规定；参与实施石油作业的企业和个人，都应当受中国法律的约束，接受中国政府有关主管部门的检查、监督。
第四条 中华人民共和国石油工业部是对外合作开采海洋石油资源的政府主管部门，依据国家确定的合作海区、面积，决定合作方式，划分合作区块；依据国家长期经济计划制订同外国企业合作开采海洋石油资源的规划；制订对外合作开采海洋石油资源的业务政策和审批海上油（气）田的总体开发方案。
第五条 中华人民共和国对外合作开采海洋石油资源的业务，统一由中国海洋石油总公司全面负责。
中国海洋石油总公司是具有法人资格的国家公司，享有在对外合作海区内进行石油勘探、开发、生产和销售的专营权。
中国海洋石油总公司根据工作需要，可以设立地区公司、专业公司、驻外代表机构，执行总公司交付的任务。
第六条 中国海洋石油总公司就对外合作开采石油的海区、面积、区块，通过组织招标，采取签订石油合同方式，同外国企业合作开采石油资源。
前款石油合同，经中华人民共和国外国投资管理委员会批准，即为有效。
中国海洋石油总公司采取其他方式运用外国企业的技术和资金合作开采石油资源所签订的文件，也应当经中华人民共和国外国投资管理委员会批准。
第二章 石油合同各方的权利和义务
第七条 中国海洋石油总公司通过订立石油合同同外国企业合作开采海洋石油资源，除石油工业部或石油合同另有规定者外，应当由石油合同中的外国企业一方（以下称外国合同者）投资进行勘探，负责勘探作业，并承担全部勘探风险；发现商业性油（气）田后，由外国合同者同中国海洋石油总公司双方投资合作开发，外国合同者并应负责开发作业和生产作业，直至中国海洋石油总公司按照石油合同规定在条件具备的情况下接替生产作业。外国合同者可以按照石油合同规定，从生产的石油中回收其投资和费用，并取得报酬。
第八条 外国合同者可以将其应得的石油和购买的石油运往国外，也可以依法将其回收的投资、利润和其他正当收益汇往国外。
第九条 参与合作开采海洋石油资源的中国企业、外国企业，都应当依法纳税，缴纳矿区使用费。
前款企业的雇员，都应当依法缴纳个人所得税。
第十条 为执行石油合同所进口的设备和材料，按照国家规定给予减税、免税，或者给予税收方面的其他优惠。
第十一条 外国合同者应当按照《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》的规定，开设银行帐户。
第十二条 外国合同者在执行石油合同中，应当使用适用而先进的技术和经营管理经验，并有义务向中国一方执行石油合同的有关人员（以下称中方人员）转让技术，传授经验；在石油作业中必须优先雇用中方人员，逐步扩大中方人员的比例，并应对中方人员有计划地进行培训。
第十三条 外国合同者在执行石油合同中，必须及时地、准确地向中国海洋石油总公司报告石油作业情况；完整地、准确地取得各项石油作业的数据、记录、样品、凭证和其他原始资料，并定期向中国海洋石油总公司提交必要的资料和样品以及技术、经济、财会、行政方面的各种报告。
第十四条 外国合同者为执行石油合同应当在中华人民共和国境内设立分支机构或代表机构，并依法履行登记手续。
前款机构的住所地应当同中国海洋石油总公司共同商量确定。
第十五条 本条例第三条、第八条、第九条、第十条、第十四条的规定，对向石油作业提供服务的外国承包者，类推适用。
第三章 石油作业
第十六条 作业者必须根据本条例和石油工业部颁布的有关开采石油资源的规定，参照国际惯例，制订油（气）田总体开发方案和实施生产作业，以达到尽可能高的石油采收率。
第十七条 外国合同者为执行石油合同，应当使用中华人民共和国境内现有的基地；如需设立新基地，必须位于中华人民共和国境内。
前款新基地的具体地点，以及在特殊情况下需要采取的其他措施，都必须经中国海洋石油总公司书面同意。
第十八条 中国海洋石油总公司有权派人参加外国作业者为执行石油合同而进行的总体设计和工程设计。中华人民共和国境内的设计公司在具有竞争力的条件下优先承包上述的总体设计和工程设计。
第十九条 为执行石油合同而需建造的所有设施，包括人工岛、平台、建筑物、构筑物等，在质量、价格、交货期和服务工作具有竞争力的条件下，作业者必须优先同中华人民共和国境内的制造工厂、工程公司签订承包合同。
第二十条 为执行石油合同所需的设备和材料，在具有竞争力的条件下，作业者、承包者都必须优先采购、使用中华人民共和国制造和提供的设备和材料。
第二十一条 为执行石油合同所需的物探、钻井、潜水、飞机、船舶、基地等方面的服务，在价格、效率和服务工作具有竞争力的条件下，作业者、承包者都必须优先同中华人民共和国境内的有关单位签订承包和服务合同。
第二十二条 外国合同者为执行石油合同，除租用第三方的设备外，按计划和预算所购置和建造的全部资产，当外国合同者的投资按照规定得到补偿后，其所有权属于中国海洋石油总公司，在合同期内，外国合同者仍然可以依据合同的规定使用这些资产。
第二十三条 本条例第十三条所规定的各项石油作业的数据、记录、样品、凭证和其他原始资料，其所有权属于中国海洋石油总公司。
前款数据、记录、样品、凭证和其他原始资料的使用和转让、赠与、交换、出售、公开发表以及运出、传送出中华人民共和国，都必须按照石油工业部制订的《资料管理规定》执行。
第二十四条 作业者和承包者在实施石油作业中，应当遵守中华人民共和国有关环境保护和安全方面的法律规定，并参照国际惯例进行作业，保护渔业资源和其他自然资源，防止对大气、海洋、河流、湖泊和陆地等环境的污染和损害。
第二十五条 石油合同区产出的石油，应当在中华人民共和国登陆，也可以在海上油（气）外输计量点运出。如需在中华人民共和国以外的地点登陆，必须经石油工业部批准。
第二十六条 在战争、战争危险或其他紧急状态下，中国政府有权征购、征用外国合同者所得的和所购买的石油的一部或全部。
第四章 附 则
第二十七条 在合作开采海洋石油资源活动中，外国企业和中国企业间发生的争执，应当通过友好协商解决。通过协商不能解决的，由中华人民共和国仲裁机构进行调解、仲裁，也可以由合同双方协议在其他仲裁机构仲裁。
第二十八条 作业者、承包者违反本条例规定实施石油作业，石油工业部有权提出警告，并限期纠正。如未能在限定的期限内纠正，石油工业部有权采取必要的措施，直至停止其实施石油作业。由此造成的一切经济损失，由责任方承担。
对严重违反本条例规定的责任者，石油工业部可处以罚款，直至向司法机关提起诉讼。
第二十九条 本条例所用的术语，其定义如下：
1、“石油”是指蕴藏在地下的、正在采出的和已经采出的原油和天然气。
2、“开采”是泛指石油的勘探、开发、生产和销售及其有关的活动。
3、“石油合同”是指中国海洋石油总公司同外国企业为合作开采中华人民共和国海洋石油资源，依法订立的包括石油勘探、开发和生产的合同。
4、“合同区”是指在石油合同中为合作开采石油资源以地理座标圈定的海域面积。
5、“石油作业”是指为执行石油合同而进行的勘探、开发和生产作业及其有关的活动。
6、“勘探作业”是指用地质、地球物理、地球化学和包括钻勘探井等各种方法寻找储藏石油的圈闭所做的全部工作，以及在已发现石油的圈闭上为确定它有无商业价值所做的钻评价井、可行性研究和编制油（气）田的总体开发方案等全部工作。
7、“开发作业”是指从石油工业部批准油（气）田的总体开发方案之日起，为实现石油生产所进行的设计、建造、安装、钻井工程等及其相应的研究工作，并包括商业性生产开始之前的生产活动。
8、“生产作业”是指一个油（气）田从开始商业性生产之日起，为生产石油所进行的全部作业以及与其有关的活动，诸如采出、注入、增产、处理、贮运和提取等作业。
9、“外国合同者”是指同中国海洋石油总公司签订石油合同的外国企业。外国企业可以是公司，也可以是公司集团。
10、“作业者”是指按照石油合同的规定负责实施作业的实体。
11、“承包者”是指向作业者提供服务的实体。
第三十条 本条例的施行细则由石油工业部制定。
第三十一条 本条例自发布之日起施行。
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE EXPLOITATIONOF OFFSHORE PETROLEUM RESOURCES IN COOPERATION WITH FOREIGN ENTERPRISES
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE EXPLOITATION
OF OFFSHORE PETROLEUM RESOURCES IN COOPERATION WITH FOREIGN ENTERPRISES
(Promulgated by the State Council on January 30, 1982)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
In the interest of developing the national economy and expanding
international economic and technological cooperation, these Regulations
are formulated, on the premise of maintaining national sovereignty and
economic interests, to permit foreign enterprises to participate in the
cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum resources of the People's
Republic of China.
Article 2
All petroleum resources in the internal waters, territorial sea and
continental shelf of the People's Republic of China and in all sea areas
within the limits of national jurisdiction over the maritime resources of
the People's Republic of China are owned by the People's Republic of
China.
In the sea areas referred to in the preceding paragraph, all buildings and
structures set up and vessels operating to exploit petroleum, as well as
the corresponding onshore oil (gas) terminals and bases, shall be under
the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China.
Article 3
The Government of the People's Republic of China shall protect, in
accordance with the law, the investments of foreign enterprises
participating in the cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum
resources, the profits due to them and their other legitimate rights and
interests, and shall protect, in accordance with the law, the cooperative
exploitation activities of foreign enterprises.
All activities for the cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum
resources within the scope of these Regulations shall be subject to the
laws and decrees of the People's Republic of China and relevant provisions
of the State; all persons and enterprises taking part in petroleum
operations shall be subject to the laws of China and shall accept
inspection and supervision by the competent authorities concerned of the
Chinese Government.
Article 4
The Ministry of Petroleum Industry of the People's Republic of China shall
be the competent authority in charge of the exploitation of offshore
petroleum resources in cooperation with foreign enterprises, and shall
determine the forms of cooperation and demarcate areas of cooperation in
accordance with the zones and the surface areas of cooperation designated
by the State; it shall work out a plan for the exploitation of offshore
petroleum resources in cooperation with the foreign enterprises in
accordance with long-term state economic plans, formulate operation and
management policies for the cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum
resources and examine and approve the overall development program for
offshore oil (gas) fields.
Article 5
The China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) shall have exclusive
and overall responsibility for the work of exploiting offshore petroleum
resources in the People's Republic of China in cooperation with foreign
enterprises.
CNOOC is a state corporation with the status of a legal person and has the
exclusive right to prospect for, develop, produce and market the petroleum
within the zones of cooperation with foreign enterprises.
CNOOC may, as the work requires, establish regional corporations,
specialized corporations and overseas representative offices to carry out
the tasks delegated by the head office.
Article 6
CNOOC shall, by means of calling for bids and signing petroleum contracts,
cooperate with foreign enterprises to exploit petroleum resources in
accordance with the zones, surface areas and areas of cooperation with
foreign enterprises for the exploitation of petroleum resources.
The petroleum contracts referred to in the preceding paragraph shall come
into force upon approval by the Foreign Investment Commission of the
People's Republic of China. All the documents signed by CNOOC for other
forms of cooperative exploitation of petroleum resources utilizing
technology and funds provided by foreign enterprises shall also be subject
to approval by Foreign Investment Commission of the People's Republic of
China.
Chapter II Rights and Obligations of the Parties to Petroleum Contracts
Article 7
CNOOC shall cooperate with foreign enterprises to exploit offshore
petroleum resources by means of entering into petroleum contracts, and,
unless otherwise specified by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry or in a
petroleum contract, the foreign enterprise party to the petroleum contract
(hereafter "foreign contractor") shall provide the investment to carry out
prospecting, be responsible for prospecting operations and bear all
prospecting risks; after a commercial oil (gas) field is discovered, both
the foreign contractor and CNOOC shall provide the investment for its
cooperative development, and the foreign contractor shall be responsible
for the development operations and production operations until CNOOC takes
over the production operations when conditions permit as provided in the
petroleum contract. The foreign contractor, in accordance with the
provisions of the petroleum contract, recovers its investment and expenses
and receives remuneration out of the petroleum produced.
Article 8
The foreign contractor may export the petroleum due to it and the
petroleum it purchases, and may also, in accordance with the law, remit
abroad the investment it recovers, its profits and its other legitimate
income.
Article 9
All Chinese enterprises and foreign enterprises participating in the
cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum resources shall pay taxes
in accordance with the law and shall pay mining royalties.
All the employees of the enterprises referred to in the preceding
paragraph shall pay individual income tax in accordance with the law.
Article 10
The equipment and materials imported for carrying out the petroleum
contract shall be subject to tax at a reduced rate, or be exempted from
tax, or be given other preferen-tax treatment in accordance with state
provisions.
Article 11
The foreign contractor shall open a bank account in accordance with the
provisions of the Interim Regulations on Foreign Exchange Control of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 12
In carrying out the petroleum contract, the foreign contractor shall use
appropriate and advanced technology and management experience and shall be
obligated to transfer the technology and pass on the experience to the
personnel of the Chinese side involved in carrying out the petroleum-
contract (hereafter "Chinese personnel"); in petroleum operations, the
foreign contractor must give preference in employment to Chinese
personnel, progressively increase the percentage of Chinese personnel and
train Chinese personnel in a planned way.
Article 13
In carrying out the petroleum contract, the foreign contractor must
promptly and accurately report to CNOOC on the situation of petroleum
operations; and it must acquire complete and accurate data, records,
samples, vouchers and other original data with respect to the various
aspects of the petroleum operations, and regularly submit to CNOOC the
required data and samples as well as various technological, economic,
financial and accounting, and administrative reports.
Article 14
In carrying out the petroleum contract, the foreign contractor shall
establish a branch or subsidiary or representative office within the
territory of the People's Republic of China and fulfil registration
formalities in accordance with the law.
The location of the offices referred to in the preceding paragraph shall
be determined through consultation with CNOOC.
Article 15
The provisions of Articles 3, 8, 9, 10 and 14 of these Regulations shall,
by analogy, apply to foreign subcontractors that render services in
connection with the petroleum operations.
Chapter III Petroleum Operations
Article 16
In order to achieve the highest possible oil recovery factor, the operator
must, in accordance with these Regulations and the relevant provisions
promulgated by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry on the exploitation of
petroleum resources and in the light of international practice, formulate
an overall development program for the oil (gas) field and carry on
production operations.
Article 17
In carrying out the petroleum contract, the foreign contractor shall use
the existing bases within the territory of the People's Republic of China,
and, if new bases are needed, they must be established within the
territory of the People's Republic of China. The specific locations of
the new bases referred to in the preceding paragraph, and other
arrangements that may be necessary in special circumstances, must all be
subject to the written approval of CNOOC.
Article 18
CNOOC shall have the right to send personnel to join the foreign operator
in making master designs and engineering designs for carrying out the
petroleum contract. Designing corporations within the territory of the
People's Republic of China shall enjoy priority in entering into
subcontracts for the master designs and engineering designs mentioned
above, provided that their terms are competitive.
Article 19
With respect to all facilities required to be built in carrying out the
petroleum contract, including artificial islands, platforms, buildings and
structures, when signing subcontracts, the operator must give preference
to manufacturing plants and engineering corporations within the territory
of the People's Republic of China, provided that they are competitive in
terms of quality, price, time of delivery and services.
Article 20
With respect to the equipment and materials required to carry out the
petroleum contract, the operator and subcontractors must give preference
to procuring and utilizing equipment and materials manufactured and
supplied by the People's Republic of China, provided that these are
competitive.
Article 21
With respect to services that are required to carry out the petroleum
contract, such as those for geophysical prospecting, well-drilling,
diving, aircraft, ships and bases, the operator and subcontractors must
enter into subcontracts and service contracts with relevant departments
within the territory of the People's Republic of China, provided that they
are competitive in terms of price, efficiency and services.
Article 22
The ownership of all assets purchased or built by the foreign contractor
to carry out the petroleum contract in accordance with the plan and
budget, excluding equipment leased from a third party, shall belong to
CNOOC after the foreign contractor's investment has been compensated as
provided for, and, within the term of the contract, the foreign contractor
may continue to use those assets in accordance with the provisions of the
contract.
Article 23
CNOOC shall have the ownership of all of the data, records, samples,
vouchers and other original data with respect to the petroleum operations
stipulated in Article 13 of these Regulations.
The utilization and transfer, donation, exchange, sale and publication of
the previously mentioned data, records, samples, vouchers and other
original data and their export and transmission from the People's Republic
of China must all be conducted in accordance with the "Provisions on the
Control of Data" formulated by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry.
Article 24
In the course of petroleum operations, the operator and subcontractors
shall comply with the relevant laws and provisions on environmental
protection and safety of the People's Republic of China, and shall, in the
light of international practice, protect fishery resources and other
natural resources and prevent the environment, including the air, seas,
rivers, lakes and land, from being polluted or damaged, when conducting
operations.
Article 25
The petroleum produced within the petroleum contract area shall be landed
in the People's Republic of China or may be exported from oil (gas)
metering points on offshore terminals. In case such petroleum has to be
landed at point outside the People's Republic of China, the approval of
the Ministry of Petroleum Industry must be obtained.
Article 26
In circumstances of war, the threat of war or other emergencies, the
Chinese Government shall have the right to compulsory purchase or
requisition of a portion or all of the petroleum due to it or purchased by
the foreign contractor.
Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions
Article 27
Any dispute arising between foreign and Chinese enterprises during the
cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum resources shall be settled
through friendly consultations. If it cannot be resolved through
consultation, mediation and arbitration may be conducted by an arbitration
body of the People's Republic of China, or the parties to the contract may
agree upon arbitration by another arbitration body.
Article 28
In case an operator or contractor violates the provisions of these
Regulations in conducting petroleum operations, the Ministry of Petroleum
Industry shall have the right to issue a warning and set a deadline for
correction. If no correction can be made prior to the specified deadline,
the Ministry of Petroleum Industry shall have the right to adopt necessary
measures, even up to the suspension of implementation of petroleum
operations. All economic losses arising therefrom shall be borne by the
party responsible. A party responsible for serious violations of these
Regulations may be fined by and/or even be subject to legal action filed
with the judicial organs by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry.
Article 29
The terms used in these Regulations are defined as follows:
(1) "Petroleum" means crude oil or natural gas deposited underground,
currently being extracted or already extracted.
(2) "Exploitation" means, in general, the exploration for and development,
production and marketing of petroleum, as well as other related
activities.
(3) "Petroleum contract" means a contract signed, in accordance with the
law, between CNOOC and foreign enterprises for the cooperative
exploitation of offshore petroleum resources of the People's Republic of
China, including the exploration for and development and production of
petroleum.
(4) "Contract area" means a surface area designated within a sea area
demarcated by geographical coordinates in the petroleum contract for the
cooperative exploitation of petroleum resources.
(5) "Petroleum operations" means all exploration, development and
production operations and other related activities conducted in carrying
out the petroleum contract.
(6) "Exploration operations" means all work done to locate the
petroleum-bearing traps by means of geological, geophysical and
geochemical methods and including drilling exploratory wells, etc., and
all work done to determine the commerciality of discovered petroleum
traps, including appraisal drilling, feasibility studies and preparation
of the overall development program for an oil
(gas) field.
(7) "Development operations" means projects, such as those for designing,
construction, installation and drilling, and corresponding research work,
conducted from the date of the approval of the overall development program
for an oil (gas) field by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry, in order to
bring about petroleum production, including production activities carried
out before the commencement of commercial production.
(8) "Production operations" means all operations for producing petroleum
conducted after the date of commencement of the commercial production of
an oil (gas)
field and related activities, such as extraction, injection, production
stimulation, processing, storage and transportation and lifting of
petroleum and other operations.
(9) "Foreign contractor" means a foreign enterprise that signs a petroleum
contract with CNOOC. The foreign enterprises may be a corporation or a
consortium of corporations.
(10) "Operator" means an entity that is responsible for implementing the
operations pursuant to the provisions of the petroleum contract.
(11) "Subcontractor" means an entity that renders services to the
operator.
Article 30
Rules for the implementation of these Regulations shall be formulated by
the Ministry of Petroleum Industry.
Article 31
These Regulations shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
浅谈公诉人应具备的综合素质
西藏芒康县人民检察院 孙 永 杰
[关键词]
公诉人 综合素质
[摘 要]
出席法庭支持公诉是对公诉人政治理论水平、业务能力、心理素质、语言表达能力等综合素质的公开、全面的检验，也是向人民群众展示检察机关最直接的手段。因此，要成为一名合格的公诉人，必须具备较强的综合素质。
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公诉人的主要职责在于人民法院开庭审理公诉案件之时，受人民检察院的指派，出席法庭支持公诉，进一步阐述检察机关的指控意见，并通过举证、质证和辩论，使合议庭确认检察机关对被告人的指控，依法宣判被告人有罪并处以相应的刑罚；公诉人还肩负着监督法庭审理案件有无违反法律规定的重要职责。出庭支持公诉的成败，不仅关系到能否使被告人认罪伏法，实现公诉的法律效果，而且直接关系到检察机关的形象和声誉，也就是说能否通过支持公诉达到一定的社会效果，使旁听群众受到法制教育，树立人民检察院在群众心目中的崇高威信。
笔者多年来从事公诉工作，深切地体会到出席法庭支持公诉是对自己政治理论水平、业务能力、心理素质、语言表达能力等综合素质的公开、全面的检验，也是向人民群众展示检察机关最直接的手段。因此，要成为一名合格的公诉人，必须具备较强的综合素质。
一、良好的政治素质，是公诉人职业生命的灵魂。
具备良好的政治素质是做好公诉工作的前提和保证，主要体现在以下几个方面：
1、公诉人要具有较高的政治理论水平和把握政策的能力。
作为公诉人要坚持学习马列主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平理论，牢记“三个代表”重要思想的要求，用科学的理论武装头脑，牢固树立马克思主义“四观”。在改革开放不断深入的情况下，伴随着中国加入WTO和政治经济体制改革以及司法改革，我们遇到的新情况和新问题层出不穷，这就要求我们的公诉人要解放思想，更新观念，与时俱进，用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的立场、观点和方法，分析问题并解决问题，坚持正确的政治方向，明辨是非。
我们国家的法律正在逐步完善，但在一定程度上还存在欠缺。作为公诉人，在司法实践中，要把党在各个时期的路线、方针、政策与国家法律统一起来，贯彻落实到司法实践中。二者不可偏废。以这次全国如火如荼地开展的“严打”整治斗争为例，中央提出了“从重从快”的政策，这就要求我们在法律规定的范围内体现出来，而不是无原则地追求“从重从快”。
2、公诉人要具有惩治犯罪、维护国家法律尊严的正义感。
出席法庭支持公诉是正义与邪恶的直接较量，是尖锐的、硬碰硬的斗争，在人民群众的心目中，公诉人就是正义的化身。公诉人的主要任务是揭露犯罪，要求法院惩治罪犯。修改后的《刑事诉讼法》实施以后，改变了以往法官“先入为主”的做法，公诉人肩负的任务更加艰巨。我们公诉人必须具有强烈的正义感，能站在国家的立场上，以不怕牺牲的精神，用事实和证据指控犯罪，从而达到打击犯罪、保护人民的目的。每一位公诉人应当理直气壮地、毫不留情地揭露被告人的犯罪行为，充分体现出对国家、对人民的忠诚和热爱，对犯罪行为的愤恨与憎恶，对被害人的同情与关怀。如果畏手畏脚，不敢大胆开展工作，担心日后遭到打击报复等，那么就绝不是一名合格的公诉人。
3、公诉人要具有良好的检察职业道德和职业纪律。
检察职业道德是检察人员在从事检察工作活动中，应该遵循的行为规范和应该具备的道德品质以及调整检察人员各种社会关系的道德规范的总称，其总的要求是“忠诚、公正、清廉、严明”。公诉人处于打击犯罪和开展诉讼监督的第一线，大量接触犯罪等社会阴暗面，受影响和腐蚀的危险性比较大，一些被告人及其辩护人或者近亲属为了使被告人逃避法律的制裁，或者为了达到减轻处罚的目的，往往不惜以金钱、美色等对公诉人腐蚀利诱，甚至动用关系网，以权压人，企图迫使公诉人就范。“人情案、关系案、金钱案”历来是人民群众深恶痛绝的现象。只要公诉人加强自身检察职业道德建设，坚持忠实于党和国家，忠实于宪法和法律，忠实于客观事实，一定能做到秉公执法，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究，廉洁奉公，不枉不纵，提高法律的威信和尊严。
公诉人作为检察人员的重要组成部分，必须严格遵守检察职业纪律，树立全心全意为人民服务的思想，强化自身防腐拒变的意识，才能在日益复杂的执法环境和斗争形势下正确行使检察权，永远立于不败之地。检察人员的职业纪律主要是最高人民检察院作出的各类规定，如“八要八不准”、“四个不准”、“九条卡死”、“廉洁从检十条纪律”等一系列纪律性规范，也有中央政法委颁布的“四条禁令”等；公安部于2003年2月1日开始实行的“五条禁令”，有些地区将实行范围扩大到该地区整个政法系统，也就是说对该地区的检察人员同样适用。另外，有些纪律性规范蕴涵在刑法、刑事诉讼法和检察官法等专门法律中。优良的纪律是增强公诉人战斗力的保证，如果说政治理论是对人意识形态领域的影响，那么职业纪律是对人的行为的最直接的约束。没有规矩不成方圆，同样，没有铁的纪律，我们的公诉人队伍将是一盘散沙，人人自行其是，“没有限制的权力最终将导致腐败”，这样将会严重败坏检察机关的声誉，影响党和人民群众的血肉联系。
二、全面精深的法律知识，广博深厚的文化基础是公诉人必备的业务素质。
公诉人的业务素质，包含从事公诉工作所必须具备的法律专业知识、文化基础知识和一定的实践经验。公诉人首先要熟悉法律，精通业务。要掌握基本的法学理论知识，能熟练运用与公诉工作有直接关联的刑法、刑事诉讼法理论以及行政、民事等法学知识，在“学通、弄懂、会用”的基础上举一反三，触类旁通。现行《检察官法》提高了检察官的“门槛”，这一举措对提高公诉人队伍的整体水平意义非同寻常。公诉人除了要掌握各种成文法典的内容外，还要注意全国人大常委会的补充规定、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院所作出的司法解释、国务院各部委以及各地的规章制度等等。近年来，伴随着我国加快立法的步伐，有相当多的补充规定和司法解释以及地方性法规被明令废止，公诉人要及时对掌握的法律知识进行更新换代。此外，公诉人还要广泛涉猎其他专门法律，比如在办理利用合同实施的诈骗案时，公诉人要学习《合同法》的相关知识。具有全面精深的法律专业知识有利于公诉人正确地区分罪与非罪、此罪与彼罪、重罪与轻罪的界限，有效地避免冤假错案的发生。
具有广博深厚的文化基础，有利于公诉人更好地审查起诉和支持公诉。作为公诉人，他理所当然地是案件的具体承办人，从阅卷、制作各种笔录、报告以及起诉书、公诉意见书等法律文书乃至在法庭上的辩论活动，都需要公诉人具有较高的文化基础水平。特别是在制作法律文书方面，最能体现出公诉人的文化知识水平和写作能力。举个例子来说，一篇结构严谨、说理深刻、语言精确的公诉意见书，可以使公诉人在法庭上赢得主动，顺利地揭露犯罪，促使被告人认罪伏法，可以使旁听者产生强烈的共鸣，起到法制宣传教育的作用。俗话说“厚积而薄发”，公诉人的知识结构应随着客观条件的变化而相应地予以充实，从发展的角度、战略的眼光来分析，专业化、专家化将是公诉人队伍发展的必由之路。
三、自信、沉着、冷静，意志坚定，是公诉人必备的心理素质。
公诉人在心理上要从政治的高度认识自己的工作，出庭公诉，揭露犯罪，绝不是出于个人的恩怨得失，而是为了维护党的政策和国家的法律，维护改革开放的胜利果实，保护广大人民群众的生命财产安全不受侵犯，公诉人只有具备了坚定的政治信念，才能进一步坚定自己的意志，视法庭为战场，想方设法克服一切艰难险阻，顺利完成公诉任务。
保持良好的心理状态，是公诉人成功地进行法庭辩论的基础，其中基本的一条是自信心。不论案情的复杂程度、辩护人的名气大小、旁听群众的多寡，公诉人首先要确立必胜的信念。毕竟公诉人对案件了如指掌，比辩护人和被告人更加熟悉情况，而且除了主诉检察官决定的案件外，重大、复杂、疑难的案件一般由检察长决定甚至由检察委员会讨论决定，对可能存在的问题进行了先期预测，可以说凝聚了集体的智慧，不是胜券在握的案件，不可能草率地拿到法庭上来，因此对公诉人来说基本上是成竹在胸。
法庭上的辩论，经常会出现一些出人意料的情况，在这个时候，公诉人心理素质的好坏，会对公诉人的行为产生明显的影响，有的公诉人会暴跳如雷，丧失检察官应有的风度；有的公诉人会沉默不语，等于默认了对方的辩护观点；还有的公诉人会惊慌失措，阵脚大乱；更有甚者，某地竟发生了公诉人当庭殴打被告人的恶性事件，所有这些不正常的现象都是公诉人心理素质不够成熟的表现。事实上，只要辩护人不是胡搅蛮缠，那么，万变不离其宗，他的辩护观点应当是围绕案件的事实或者证据以及运用法律等几个方面提出来，只要公诉人保持沉着、冷静的心态，一定会找到相应的对策。所以，作为公诉人应不断加强心理素质的培养，塑造良好的自制能力和应变能力，自觉排除各种心理障碍，灵活运用心理战术。
公诉人综合素质的范围十分广泛，除了政治、业务、心理素质外，公诉人还必须具有较好的语言表达能力、对案件的宏观把握能力，在法庭上，公诉人的仪表也很重要，务必要仪表端庄给人以庄重大方的感觉等等，在此不再一一赘述。
我们新世纪的公诉人要以“三个代表”重要思想为指导，谦虚谨慎，戒骄戒躁，努力加强自身素质的提高，使我们的公诉人队伍整体素质提高到一个新的水平，从而真正履行起法律赋予检察机关的神圣职责。
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*本文作者孙永杰系西藏自治区芒康县人民检察院副检察长、反贪污贿赂局局长，曾长期担任刑事检察科科长、主诉检察官职务。联系信箱：jcysyj@yahoo.com.cn 邮政编码：854500
